Management of multiple radio access bearer sessions in a communication system

ABSTRACT

An ability to limit and manage the number of multiple radio access bearer (mRAB) initiations, which are transitions from a Circuit Switched (CS) voice session, is provided. Moreover, the system, within a Radio Access Network (RAN), can identify vulnerable radio conditions for a user equipment (UE) on an uplink (UL) and/or a downlink (DL), and then subsequently determines whether a Packet Switched (PS) data session is allowed to pass through to the UE, during a CS voice call. In addition, the system can temporarily block a network-initiated data request to the existing CS voice call, if the voice call is likely to be dropped on initiating an mRAB. As the vulnerable radio conditions improve, the system can deliver the previously blocked data request to the UE.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to each of,U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/715,577, filed on Sep. 26, 2017,entitled “MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE RADIO ACCESS BEARER SESSIONS IN ACOMMUNICATION SYSTEM,” which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/242,744 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,801,231), filed onAug. 22, 2016, entitled “MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE RADIO ACCESS BEARERSESSIONS IN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM,” which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/271,845 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,451,651),filed on Oct. 12, 2011, entitled “MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE RADIO ACCESSBEARER SESSIONS IN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.” The entireties of theforegoing listed applications are hereby incorporated by referenceherein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject disclosure relates to wireless communications and, moreparticularly, to management of multiple radio access bearer (mRAB)initiations, in a wireless communication system.

BACKGROUND

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks have seen anexplosive data growth in the past few years and, in the future, areexpected to see continuing growth in the Packet Switched (PS) domain.Communication devices can now operate on these robust networks to accessdata applications (over a PS data bearer) during a voice call (over acircuit switched (CS) voice bearer). This is referred to as multipleradio access bearer (mRAB) calls. Due to the acceleration in demand anduse of mobile data applications (e.g., NetFlix, YouTube, Facebook,etc.), the number of short bursty packet sessions are growingexponentially, and most often, these packet sessions are initiated whilea user is on a CS voice bearer. Typically, mRAB calls drop at muchhigher rate than voice only calls. Increased rate in dropped callscauses user frustration and dissatisfaction, and can adversely affectservice providers' businesses.

While it's possible to bridge some of the gaps with optimizationtechniques, conventional systems cannot fully close the inherent radiolink budget gap of approximately 1.6-1.9 decibel (dB) for mRAB versusvoice only calls. From a competitive positioning point of view,especially with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based technologies,the UMTS Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) coverage presents about a 6 dBadvantage over a CDMA pilot coverage. However, in conventional systems,such coverage advantage cannot be leveraged due to coverage degradationduring mRAB calls. Moreover, when a PS radio access bearer (RAB) isadded to a voice bearer, coverage degradation is mainly due to the lowerspreading factor, thus lower spreading gain, or due to the multi-codeusage on the uplink (UL).

Conventional systems simply focus on (a) Improving link budget usinglower rate speech codecs and lower rate data bearers; (b) Improving thepower allocation for signaling radio bearers (SRB); and/or (c)Pro-actively reconfiguring the PS bearer of an mRAB session in order tomaintain the speech session. Limitations with solutions mentioned aboveare as follows: (a) There is an inherent link budget issue that cannotbe fully bridged. Wireless carriers have traditionally built theirnetwork based on coverage boundaries required to support speechservices. When a user has an mRAB connection, the coverage at cell edgeswill be reduce by approximately 1.6-1.9 dB, which results in a higherprobability for session drops under these conditions; (b) 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) specifies beta parameters that determine thepower allocation ratios for the control channel (DPCCH) versus datachannel (DPDCH). This is done to ensure support of minimum data rateseven at cell borders. Any effort to allocate more power on SRB (DPDCH)compared to SRB (DPCCH) will have adverse consequences for data ratesupport at cell edge; and (c) Processes involved in reconfiguring anexisting mRAB to a speech only bearer will likely put the user equipment(UE) at risk of increased call drops. This is due to the inherentimplementation logic of treating radio bearer reconfiguration activitiesat a higher priority than mobility events that are required to maintainthe best link budget for the session.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of the specification inorder to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of thespecification. This summary is not an extensive overview of thespecification. It is intended to neither identify key or criticalelements of the specification nor delineate any scope particularembodiments of the specification, or any scope of the claims. Its solepurpose is to present some concepts of the specification in a simplifiedform as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presentedlater. It will also be appreciated that the detailed description mayinclude additional or alternative embodiments beyond those described inthis summary.

The systems and methods disclosed herein, in one aspect thereof, canfacilitate management of multiple radio access bearer (mRAB) session fora user equipment (UE) in a radio access network (RAN). In one aspect,the system can include a paging management component that receives datafrom the UE, indicative of a state and/or quality of a voice call.Moreover, if the voice call is likely to be dropped on (or after)initiation of an mRAB session, the UE can be marked as being in a“vulnerable” state. Further, the paging management component can monitorpaging requests directed to the UE and can block, reject, delay, deny,and/or queue, the received paging requests, during the time that the UEis in the vulnerable state. In one aspect, after the vulnerability statehas transpired and/or the voice call has been terminated, new incomingpaging requests can be delivered to the UE along with the previouslyqueued paging requests.

Another aspect of the disclosed subject matter relates to a method thatcan be employed to facilitate paging management to improve circuitswitched (CS) communication. The method can comprise monitoring variousparameters, for example, uplink (UL) transmission power, signal tointerference ratio (SIR) target, signal to noise (SNR) target, ULquality, downlink (DL) quality, ratio of received pilot energy (Ec) tothe total power spectral density (Io), received signal core power(RSCP), etc. Further, the method can comprise comparing the parametersto corresponding thresholds, and determining whether one or more of thethreshold is exceeded. Moreover, a report can be delivered to a networkcontroller if determined that one or more of the threshold have beenexceeded. The report can be analyzed and the UE can be flagged as beingin a vulnerable state. In addition, the method can comprise monitoringdata requests received from a packet core network switching element, andprohibiting or temporarily delaying, delivery of the data requests toany UE that is flagged as being in a vulnerable state.

The following description and the annexed drawings set forth certainillustrative aspects of the specification. These aspects are indicative,however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of thespecification may be employed. Other novel features of the specificationwill become apparent from the following detailed description of thespecification when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system that facilitates management ofmultiple radio access bearer (mRAB) simultaneous voice and datatransitions of a user equipment (UE).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example system that can be employed for observingparameters, which are employed to detect poor conditions for a voicecall.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example system that facilitates paging managementto improve circuit switched communication.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example system that temporarily delayscommunication over a data channel, when a UE is identified to be in avulnerable state.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example system that facilitates automating one ormore features in accordance with the subject innovation.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example methodology that can be utilized tofacilitate dynamic and intelligent control of UE transitions between anmRAB session and a voice RAB session.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example methodology for detecting a vulnerabilitystate of a UE, during a voice call.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example methodology for dynamically controllingrequests or notifications sent to a UE.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a UE suitable for collecting andreporting data to facilitate efficient mRAB management in accordancewith the innovation.

FIG. 10 illustrates a Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)/Internet protocol (IP)multimedia network architecture that can employ the disclosedarchitecture.

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a computer operable to executethe disclosed communication architecture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments are now described with reference to thedrawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to likeelements throughout. In the following description, for purposes ofexplanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea thorough understanding of the various embodiments. It may be evident,however, that the various embodiments can be practiced without thesespecific details, e.g., without applying to any particular networkedenvironment or standard. In other instances, well-known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitatedescribing the embodiments in additional detail.

Further, the various embodiments can be implemented as a method,apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/orengineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or anycombination thereof to control a computer to implement one or moreaspects of the disclosed subject matter. An article of manufacture canencompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readabledevice or computer-readable storage/communications media. For example,computer readable storage media can include but are not limited tomagnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips. . . ), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk(DVD) . . . ), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick,key drive . . . ). Of course, those skilled in the art will recognizemany modifications can be made to this configuration without departingfrom the scope or spirit of the various embodiments.

In addition, the word “example” and/or “exemplary” is used herein tomean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect ordesign described herein as “example” and/or “exemplary” is notnecessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otheraspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended topresent concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, theterm “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive“or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “Xemploys A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusivepermutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both Aand B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoinginstances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in thisapplication and the appended claims should generally be construed tomean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context tobe directed to a singular form.

Moreover, terms like “user equipment,” “mobile station,” “mobile,”subscriber station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” “mobiledevice,” and similar terminology, refer to a wireless device utilized bya subscriber or user of a wireless communication service to receive orconvey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially anydata-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing terms are utilizedinterchangeably in the subject specification and related drawings.Likewise, the terms “access point,” “base station,” “Node B,” and thelike, are utilized interchangeably in the subject application, and referto a wireless network component or appliance that serves and receivesdata, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially anydata-stream or signaling-stream from a set of subscriber stations. Dataand signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. Further,the terms “vulnerable state,” “vulnerability state,” and the like arealso employed interchangeably throughout the subject specification,unless context warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms.

Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” and the likeare employed interchangeably throughout the subject specification,unless context warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms. Itshould be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities orautomated components supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., acapacity to make inference based on complex mathematical formalisms),which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth. Inaddition, the terms “data flow,” “data session,” and the like are alsoemployed interchangeably throughout the subject specification, unlesscontext warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms.

The systems and methods disclosed herein can implement a Radio AccessNetwork (RAN) based solution to limit and manage the number of multipleRadio Access Bearer (mRAB) initiations that are transitions from aCircuit Switched (CS) voice session. Moreover, the solution can includedetection of vulnerable radio conditions for a user equipment (UE) onuplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL), based on which it can be determinedwhether a data (Packet Switched (PS)) session(s) is allowed to passthrough to the UE. Further, the solution can include prohibitingnetwork-initiated data request(s) to existing voice calls, only if thecall is deemed to be in a vulnerable state (e.g., likely to drop, ifmRAB allowed).

Aspects or features of the subject innovation can be exploited insubstantially any wireless communication technology; e.g., UniversalMobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code division multiple access(CDMA), Wi-Fi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX),General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced GPRS, Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE), Third GenerationPartnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), High SpeedPacket Access (HSPA), Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+),High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High-Speed Uplink PacketAccess (HSUPA), Zigbee, or another IEEE 802.XX technology. Additionally,substantially all aspects of the subject innovation can be exploited inlegacy telecommunication technologies.

Referring initially to FIG. 1, there illustrated is an example system100 that can facilitate management of mRAB simultaneous voice and datatransitions of a UE, according to an aspect of the subjectspecification. Moreover, system 100 can prevent and/or delay anetwork-initiated data request to a UE 102 handing an existing voicecall, in response to identifying that the voice call is in a vulnerablestate. The example embodiments described herein can refer to a UMTSnetwork; however, it can be appreciated that the subject innovation isnot so limited and most any communication network can be utilized beyonda UMTS network.

In one aspect, a UE 102 can be coupled to a network node, for example, aradio network controller (RNC) 106 via a radio network 108. As anexample, the radio network 108 can include a set of base stations oraccess points, to which the UE 102 can connect wirelessly over air link104 and/or via a wired connection (not shown). According to anembodiment, a paging management component 110 can be utilized tointelligently control UE transitions to mRAB simultaneous voice anddata, as explained in detail infra. Although the paging managementcomponent 110 is depicted to reside within the RNC 106, it can beappreciated that the paging management component 110 can be externallycoupled to the RNC 106 or can reside within most any other networkelement (e.g., access points, a serving GPRS support node (SGSN),Mobility Management Entity (MME), etc). Those skilled in the art willunderstand that the configuration of FIG. 1 is a simplified example onlyand that the disclosure may operate on a network that has a complete setof network elements and interfaces, such as that described in detailbelow.

As an example, UE 102 can include most any electronic communicationdevice such as, but not limited to, most any consumer electronic device,for example, a digital media player, a digital photo frame, a digitalcamera, a cellular phone, a personal computer, a tablet computer, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a gamingsystem, etc. Further, UE 102 can also include LTE-based devices, suchas, but not limited to, most any home or commercial appliance thatincludes an LTE radio. It can be appreciated that the UE 102 can bemobile, have limited mobility and/or be stationary. In one aspect, theUE 102 can access data applications simultaneously during a voice call.In other words, the voice channel (also known as a voice bearer) canoperate at the same time that one or more applications access a databearer on the UE 102. According to an embodiment, this mRAB callutilizes different spreading factors across the various radio activebearer configurations. For example, the higher rate packet switchedradio active bearer can generally utilize a lower spreading factor, andtherefore lower processing gains. However, this spreading factor can beused across the entire physical channel, which includes the logicalchannels (e.g., the circuit switched radio active bearer and thesignaling radio bearer) that are mapped onto that physical channel. Thelower spreading factor can correlate to a lower processing gain for thesignaling radio bearer.

Moreover, during mRAB calls, the signaling between the radio network 108and the UE 102 is significantly increased and frequent radio bearerreconfigurations can be performed, which in conventional systems slowupdates to the control link between the radio network 108 and the UE102. If the packet switched bearer is dropped during such updates, therecan be an interrupted data flow. In addition, if the signaling radiobearer breaks down even momentarily, for example, due to the increasedsignaling, there can be dropped voice call (e.g., interruption of the CSradio bearer). Accordingly, to prevent dropped calls, the subject system100 actively manages mRAB calls to minimize the stress on the signalingradio bearer and thus minimize the possibility of a dropped voice call,by utilization of the paging management component 110.

According to an embodiment, the paging management component 110 receivesdata, from the UE 102, indicative of a state of the UE 102 during avoice call. For example, during a voice call, the UE 102 can monitor,retrieve, receive, and/or identify, various parameters, such as, but notlimited to, its surrounding environment, radio conditions, operatingenvironment, active usage of data applications by a user, etc. Based onan analysis of one or more of these parameters, it can be determined(e.g., by the UE 102, and/or the RNC 106) whether the voice call is in avulnerable state. A vulnerable state can be indicative that the voicecall is likely to be or at risk of being dropped, have Quality ofService (QoS) below a predefined threshold, break up, etc. In oneaspect, a notification can be provided to the paging managementcomponent 110, for example, by the UE 102 or the RNC 106, indicative ofthe vulnerability state. Further, the paging management component 110can monitor incoming paging request(s), such as, but not limited tonetwork-initiated data requests (e.g., received from the SGSN, MMEetc.). Furthermore, the paging management component 110 can lookup,identify, or determine the vulnerability status of a UE (e.g., UE 102),to which the incoming paging request(s) are directed. In one embodiment,on identifying or determining a vulnerable state of the UE 102, thepaging management component 110 can reject, block, hold, delay, denyand/or queue these paging requests until the vulnerability state hasexpired and/or the voice call has been terminated. In one aspect, it canbe determined (e.g., by the UE 102, and/or RNC 106) that the UE 102 isno longer in the vulnerable state, for example, due to sensing,determining, or identifying, an improvement in the various parameters.Under this condition, the paging management component 110 can receiveand forward incoming paging request(s) to the UE 102, even in thepresence of an active voice call. In addition, at this point apreviously received paging request(s), cached or queued, by the pagingmanagement component 110 during the vulnerability state, can betransmitted or delivered to the UE 102. Further, new packet data units(PDUs) and/or paging requests received from the core network can also beforwarded to the UE 102 without restriction by the paging managementcomponent 110.

Referring to FIG. 2, there illustrated is an example system 200 that canbe employed for observing parameters that are employed to detect poorconditions for a voice call in accordance with an aspect of the subjectdisclosure. It can be appreciated that the UE 102 can includefunctionality, as more fully described herein, for example, with regardto system 100. As discussed herein, in one example, the UE 102 can beconnected to the mobile core network through a wireless radio accessnetwork, such as, but not limited to UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (UTRAN). Moreover, the UE 102 can include most any mobile and/orstationary, wireless and/or wired, electronic communication device(e.g., cell phone, PDA, tablet, PC, laptop, etc.).

The UE 102 can communicate via both a voice channel and a data channel.For example, the UE 102 can simultaneously and/or concurrently implementand/or establish packet switched (PS) and circuit switched (CS)sessions. In other words, a user can access (e.g., transmit and/orreceive) data for applications (apps) 206, during a CS voice call. Apps206 can include application software, typically designed to help theuser to perform specific tasks. Apps 206 can be bundled with the UE 102and its system software, or can be published and sold/accessedseparately. In one example, the apps 206 can be pre-installed on the UE102 during manufacture or provisioning, received/modified via anover-the-air (OTA) update, or downloaded from various softwaredistribution platforms. Example apps 206 can include, but are notlimited to, applications relating to email clients, navigation,streaming music or video, social networking, news feeds, games, localweather, and the like. In an example embodiment, one or more apps 206 onthe UE 102 can pull or otherwise access information on one or morenetwork servers (e.g., application servers, content servers, webservers, email servers, etc.). In another example embodiment, one ormore network servers can push information to the apps 206 on the UE 102.For example, an email client can periodically receive informationregarding status of contacts in address book, a news feed can be updatedwith breaking news, and/or a weather application can receive currenttemperature at a current location. It can be appreciated that PSsessions are not limited to data exchange between apps 206 and the corenetwork, but can include most any packet switched communications betweenthe UE 102 and the communication network. The data channel can employmultiplexing, such as but not limited to, time division multiplexing,frequency division multiplexing, time-frequency division multiplexing,etc. for multiple apps 206 running simultaneously.

According to an embodiment, the UE 102 can comprise a monitoringcomponent 202 that can monitor, sense, and/or observe variousparameters, during a voice call. In one example, the monitoringcomponent 202 can be activated when a voice call is initiated and/orestablished. As an example, the monitoring component 202 can sense theradio environment surrounding the UE 102 and measure an uplink and/ordownlink power. In addition, the monitoring component 202 can comparethe measurements with predefined (e.g., by the service provider or user)thresholds. For example, UE transmission power can be compared with anuplink threshold, and/or signal to interference ratio (SIR) target canbe compared to a SIR threshold. Additionally or alternatively, themonitoring component 202 can determine the ratio of received pilotenergy (Ec) to the total power spectral density (Io), and/or a receivedsignal core power (RSCP), and compare the Ec/Io ratio and/or the RSCPwith corresponding thresholds. In one example, to maximize the eventbased measurement entities supported for Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA), it ispossible to limit monitoring and measurement to look at reported SIRtarget on the UL, since the UL is typically the weaker link (compared tothe DL).

Further, the UE 102 can include a notification component 204 that canreport the measurements and/or comparison results to an element in thecore network, for example, the RNC 106. In one example, the notificationcomponent 204 can transmit the monitored data associated with thesurrounding radio environment, collected by the monitoring component202, to the RNC 106. In this example scenario, the RNC 106 can analyzethe monitored data (e.g., by comparisons with predefined threshold(s))to determine whether the voice call on the UE 102 is in a vulnerablestate. Alternatively, in another example, the monitoring component 202can compare the monitored data with corresponding thresholds and thenotification component can report events to the RNC 106, only when oneor more of the corresponding thresholds are exceeded. For example, thenotification component 204 can generate and transmit various measurementreports, when uplink threshold on UE transmission power is exceeded(e.g., Threshold on Event 6A), when UE transmission power exceeds apredefined threshold of W dBm, when the SIR target exceeds X dB, whenReported Ec/Io threshold is below Y dB or when reported RSCP is below ZdBm (wherein W, X, Y, and Z can be most any numerical value predefinedand/or dynamically modified by the service provider). Moreover, the RNC106 analyzes the reported data and prevents network-initiated datarequests to be transferred to the UE 102 and/or application data to bedelivered to the UE 102.

It can be appreciated that the monitoring component 202 is not limitedto monitoring a radio environment and can monitor various otherparameters. For example, monitoring component 202 can monitor anavailable bandwidth (e.g., in wired or wireless communication). Inanother example, the monitoring component 202 can obtain sensor datarelating to position/orientation/motion of the UE 102 or the user.Moreover, the monitoring component 202 can determine that the apps 206are not actively being used (e.g., running in the background), ifdetected that the UE 102 is up against the user's head. In this examplescenario, the RNC 106 can temporarily suspend data communications acrossthe data channel of the UE 102, for example, until the position of theUE 102 or user is changed. Other conditions, which can indicate to theRNC 106 that data communications can be suspended, include, anyconditions indicating that the user is not actively utilizing orinteracting with the data applications. For example, the conditions caninclude, but are not limited to, the display being turned off, a videoassociated with the apps 206 not being presented in the foreground ofthe display, the user not being in close proximity with the UE 102, etc.These conditions can be detected by the monitoring component 202 anddelivered to the RNC 106 by the notification component 204. In oneaspect, the user may opt to suspend or not to suspend datacommunications during a voice call.

Referring now to FIG. 3, there illustrated is an example system 300 thatcan facilitate paging management to improve CS communication, accordingto an aspect of the subject disclosure. Specifically, system 300 canmonitor, sense, and/or determine radio conditions, network load, and/oruser interaction associated with a UE 102, during a voice call, anddeny/suspend network-initiated data communications to the UE 102, ifdetermined that the voice call has poor quality and/or that the qualityof the voice call will be degraded below a predefined threshold oncommunicating the data request. Moreover, UE 102, RNC 106, and thepaging management component 110 can include functionality, as more fullydescribed herein, for example, with regard to systems 100 and 200.

In one embodiment, UE 102 can communicate over a voice channel and adata channel simultaneously. Often times, for example, during poorsurrounding radio conditions, heavy network load, low availablebandwidth, etc., the communication (e.g., voice call) on the voicechannel may be dropped due to the communication on the data channel. Toavoid this scenario, system 300 can prevent network-initiatedcommunication on the data channel, until the quality of thecommunication on the voice channel is improved. In one aspect, UE 102(e.g., via monitoring component 202 and notification component 204) canreport a poor quality event and/or measurement data to the RNC 106, viaan access point 302 (e.g., base station, femto access point, Node B,etc.). According to an embodiment, a vulnerability detection component304 can be employed to identify vulnerable radio conditions for the UE102 on UL and/or DL, based on an analysis of the data received from theUE 102 (via notification component 204).

Vulnerability can refer to the likelihood, risk, or probability that avoice call in the current conditions/scenarios would be dropped inresponse to simultaneous communication on a data bearer. If thelikelihood, risk, or probability is high (e.g., above a predefinedthreshold), the UE 102 is identified to be in a vulnerable state. Inother words, the UE 102 is in a vulnerable state if determined that thevoice call with the UE 102 is likely to drop if mRAB is allowed. In oneexample, vulnerability detection component 304 can flag the UE 102 basedon one or more of the following measurement reports: (a) When uplinkthreshold on UE transmission power is exceeded (e.g., Threshold on Event6A is received), when UE transmission power exceeds a threshold X dBm,and/or when SIR target exceeds W dB; and/or (b) when downlink quality ispoor, for example, when reported Ec/Io threshold is less than Y dB orwhen reported RSCP is less than Z dBm. It can be appreciated that thecomparisons between the measurements and the thresholds can be performedby the monitoring component 202 in the UE 102 (as described with respectto FIG. 2 herein) and/or by the vulnerability detection component 304.Moreover, on detecting that the UE 102 is in a vulnerable state, thevulnerability detection component 304 can store an identifier (ID) 308associated with the UE 102, such as but not limited to, a Subscriberidentity Module (SIM), International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI),device ID, Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), etc. along witha flag 310, in a data store 306. In one example, flag 310 can includeone or more bits that are used to store a binary value and/or code thathas an assigned/predefined meaning. In particular, the value of the flag310 can represent one of several possible states or statuses (e.g., anormal, state or a vulnerable state) of the corresponding UE ID 308. Forexample, if the flag 310 is set, the UE with UE ID 308, can be in avulnerable state, and if the flag 310 is not set, the UE can be in anormal state. It can be appreciated that although only two states areindicated, the flag 310 can be utilized to indicate multiple states, forexample, different gradations of a vulnerable state. Although shown toreside within RNC 106, it can be appreciated that the data store 306 canbe externally coupled to the RNC 106 via a local or remote communicationnetwork.

According to an embodiment, the paging management component 110 canmonitor all incoming communication requests from a core network node312, for example, a packet core switching element (e.g., a SGSN or MME).The communication requests can include, but are not limited to, Type-2paging requests and/or “PUSH” notifications received from the network orthe application, which are usually sent to maintain synchronizationbetween applications and/or databases. Moreover, the communicationrequests can be most any request that is not initiated by the user of UE102. Since the requests are not user-initiated, the temporary blockingof these requests/notifications is unlikely to be perceived by the user.Accordingly, on receiving the request/notification, the pagingmanagement component 110 can determine whether the destination (orsource) UE is flagged in the data store 306. On detecting that the UE(e.g., UE 102) is flagged to be in a vulnerable state, the incomingpaging request/notification from the core network node 312 can berejected, blocked, delayed, temporarily suspended, etc. Moreover, thepaging management component 110 does not notify the core network node312 on the paging rejects, and thus the core network node 312 canreattempt the pages (e.g., requests and/or notifications) during a timeperiod as per a repetition timer setting(s) chosen by theoperator/service provider. After this period, since the pagingmanagement component 110 has blocked, delayed, or temporarily suspendedthe request, the core network node 312 may not receive a response oracknowledgement from the RNC 106 and the core network node 312 can enteran operating mode, which may be referred to as a “Quarantine” mode, forexample, with respect to the UE 102.

During the “Quarantine” mode, no new paging attempts are made to the UE102 unless a new packet data unit (PDU) is initiated by the user. In anembodiment, one or more parameters pertaining to repeated pagingfrequency, paging gaps and quarantine period timer can be standardizedand/or operator settable. Moreover, the operator/service provider canset and/or dynamically modify these values to suit the application mix,network quality and committed end user experience. According to anaspect, the paging management component 110 generally does not blockuser-initiated data requests for flagged UEs. Accordingly,user-initiated data requests can be handled by the core network node312, even in the “Quarantine” mode. Thus, the system 300 can allowdowngrade from mRAB to voice RAB, provided it can be determined that arequest was not customer-initiated.

In an embodiment, the data store 306 can include volatile memory(s) ornonvolatile memory(s), or can include both volatile and nonvolatilememory(s). By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatilememory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM),electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM(EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random accessmemory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way ofillustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such asstatic RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), doubledata rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM(SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The memory (e.g., data stores,databases, caches) of the subject systems and methods is intended tocomprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable typesof memory.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example system 400 that can temporarily delaycommunication over a data channel when a UE 102 is identified to be in avulnerable state, according to an aspect of the subject innovation.Specifically, system 400 can receive various factors, such as, but notlimited to, surrounding radio environment, network bandwidth, userinteraction, network load measurements, UE location, position, and/ororientation, etc., to identify whether a UE 102 is in a vulnerablestate. Moreover, UE 102, RNC 106, paging management component 110,access point 302, vulnerability detection component 304, data store 306,UE IDs 308, flags 310, and core network node(s) 312 can includefunctionality, as more fully described herein, for example, with regardto systems 100, 200, and 300.

In one aspect, the paging management component 110 can include a requestreceiving component 402 and an analysis component 404. It can beappreciated that the request receiving component 402 and analysiscomponent 404 can be implemented as a single component or as two or morecomponents without departing from example embodiments of the subjectdisclosure. The request receiving component 402 can monitor and trackall requests/notifications (e.g., pages) received at the RNC 106, forexample, from a PS core network node 312. On receiving arequest/notification associated with a UE (e.g., UE 102), the analysiscomponent 404 can determine whether request/notification is to berejected, held in a cache (at 406), or forwarded to the UE. In anexample embodiment, the analysis component 404 can identify whether theUE is flagged as being in a vulnerable state based on data (308, 310)retained in the data store 306. In one example, based on a serviceprovider or user policy, the request 406 can be stored in the data store306, if determined that the UE is currently in a vulnerable state.Moreover, by combining the logic to track the radio conditions the UE iscurrently experiencing with the capability to handle a mRAB session, theRNC 106 can make an a priori estimation of the probability of retentionof the mRAB bearer. The analysis component 404 employs this networkinformation to control a policy, of when to permit a UE to enter an mRABstate, implemented at the RNC level.

Further, if the vulnerability state has terminated, for example, whenradio conditions and/or network loads are within asatisfactory/acceptable range for mRAB, and/or the voice call isterminated, the UE 102 can report (via notification component 204) backto the RNC 106. Under these conditions, the vulnerability detectioncomponent 304 can remove the flag 310 associated with the ID of the UE102, and the UE 102 will be allowed to receive incoming pages via thepaging management component 110, for example, even in the presence of anactive voice call. At this point, the cached paging requests 406 in thedata store 306 can be transmitted to the UE 102. Moreover, newPDUs/paging requests from the core network node 312 can also beforwarded without restriction by the paging management component 110.Accordingly, by constantly monitoring the UE radio state (via monitoringcomponent 202) and receiving measurement reports (via notificationcomponent 204), the RNC 106 can move the UE 102 in and out of avulnerability state dynamically. As the radio propagation and/orinterference environment changes rapidly, the policy enforcementblocking pages (via the paging management component 110) is onlytemporary, and can be reinstated, as soon as the UE 102 is in betterradio conditions.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example system 500 that employs an artificialintelligence (AI) component 502, which facilitates automating one ormore features in accordance with the subject innovation. It can beappreciated that the RNC 106, paging management component 110,vulnerability detection component 304, and data store 306 can includerespective functionality, as more fully described herein, for example,with regard to systems 100-400.

An example embodiment (e.g., in connection with determiningvulnerability, detecting whether to delay or reject a PS data request)can employ various AI-based schemes for carrying out various aspectsthereof. For example, a process for determining whether to delay a datatransmission on a data channel, or identify a state of an active voicecall of a UE, can be facilitated via an automatic classifier system andprocess. Moreover, the classifier can be employed to determine how longthe data transmission is to be delayed, when to forward the datatransmission to the UE, when to block the data transmission, theprobability of a voice call being dropped (or degraded below a presetthreshold) on (or in response to) initiating an mRAB session, etc.

A classifier is a function that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x1,x2, x3, x4, xn), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class, thatis, f(x) =confidence(class). Such classification can employ aprobabilistic and/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., factoring intothe analysis utilities and costs) to prognose or infer an action that auser desires to be automatically performed. In the case of communicationsystems, for example, attributes can be information (e.g., monitoredinformation, user interactivity, etc.) collected by UE 102 orinformation (e.g., flags) stored in data store 306, and the classes canbe categories or areas of interest (e.g., levels of priorities, type ofapplications associated with the data transmission, etc.).

A support vector machine (SVM) is an example of a classifier that can beemployed. The SVM operates by finding a hypersurface in the space ofpossible inputs, which the hypersurface attempts to split the triggeringcriteria from the non-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes theclassification correct for testing data that is near, but not identicalto training data. Other directed and undirected model classificationapproaches include, e.g., naïve Bayes, Bayesian networks, decisiontrees, neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and probabilisticclassification models providing different patterns of independence canbe employed. Classification as used herein also is inclusive ofstatistical regression that is utilized to develop models of priority.

As will be readily appreciated from the subject specification, anexample embodiment can employ classifiers that are explicitly trained(e.g., via a generic training data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g.,via observing UE behavior, user interaction, applicationbehavior/activity, application characteristics, receiving extrinsicinformation, etc.). For example, SVM's are configured via a learning ortraining phase within a classifier constructor and feature selectionmodule. Thus, the classifier(s) can be used to automatically learn andperform a number of functions, including but not limited to determiningaccording to a predetermined criteria when a data request can bedelayed, when/which data request can be forwarded to a UE in avulnerable state, how long should a particular data request beheld/queued in a data store, when is a voice call likely to be dropped,etc. The criteria can include, but is not limited to, historicalpatterns, UE behavior, user preferences, service provider preferencesand/or policies, UE device parameters, network load, radio conditions,application parameters or type of application associated with the datarequest, location/position/orientation of the UE, etc.

FIGS. 6-8 illustrate methodologies and/or flow diagrams in accordancewith the disclosed subject matter. For simplicity of explanation, themethodologies are depicted and described as a series of acts. It is tobe understood and appreciated that the subject innovation is not limitedby the acts illustrated and/or by the order of acts, for example actscan occur in various orders and/or concurrently, and with other acts notpresented and described herein. Furthermore, not all illustrated actsmay be required to implement the methodologies in accordance with thedisclosed subject matter. In addition, those skilled in the art willunderstand and appreciate that the methodologies could alternatively berepresented as a series of interrelated states via a state diagram orevents. Additionally, it should be further appreciated that themethodologies disclosed hereinafter and throughout this specificationare capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitatetransporting and transferring such methodologies to computers. The termarticle of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass acomputer program accessible from any computer-readable device orcomputer-readable storage/communications media.

Referring now to FIG. 6, illustrated is an example methodology 600 thatcan be utilized to facilitate dynamic and intelligent control of UEtransitions between mRAB and voice RAB, according to an aspect of thesubject disclosure. As an example, methodology 600 can be performed by aUE, such as, but not limited to, a cellular phone, a laptop, a tablet, aPC, a PDA, a netbook, a gaming module, a media player, a media recorder,a media viewer, etc. In one embodiment, methodology 600 facilitatescollection and transmission of data that facilitates determination of astate (e.g., vulnerable state, normal state, etc.) of a voice call. Forexample, a vulnerable state for a voice call can be identified when thevoice call is likely to be dropped, if an mRAB is set up. During thisstate, the UE can be denied network-initiated data requests. However,customer-initiated data requests can still be communicated to the UE.For example, voluntary effort by customers to manually resetnotifications, updates, pushes, etc. can be supported along with otherbenefits such as battery life and improved performance.

According to an aspect, at 602, various parameters can be monitored. Asan example, the parameters can include UL transmission power, a SIRtarget, an UL quality, a DL quality, Ec/Io, RSCP, etc. At 604, theparameters can be compared to corresponding thresholds, for example,predefined by a service provider, UE manufacturer and/or user. At 606,it can be determined whether one or more of the thresholds are exceeded.In other words, it can be identified whether one or more of theparameters are outside an acceptable/satisfactory range (or value). Ifnone of the thresholds are exceeded, the methodology 600 returns to 602.Alternatively, if one or more thresholds are exceeded, at 608, ameasurement report can be transmitted to a controller (e.g., RNC). Thecontroller can analyze the reports to determine a state of the UE, whichin turn can facilitate determination of whether a data request can beforwarded to the UE or not.

Further, at 610, the monitoring of the parameters is continued and at612, the parameters can be compared to their corresponding thresholds.At 614, it can be determined whether all the parameters are within anacceptable range (e.g., do not exceed the thresholds). If the parametersare within the acceptable range, at 616 another report can betransmitted to the controller, notifying the controller that theparameters are not exceeding their thresholds. Accordingly, thecontroller can update the state of the UE. However, if the parametersare still not within the acceptable range, the methodology returns to610.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example methodology 700 for detecting avulnerability state of a UE, during a voice call. Methodology 700 can beperformed by a mobility network element (e.g., RNC). Initially, at 702,measurement report(s) can be received from a UE. As an example, themeasurement report(s) can include, monitored data (e.g., relating to theUEs surrounding radio environment), usage activity, alerts or events(e.g., indicating that a parameter threshold has been exceeded), etc. At704, conditions (e.g., quality) associated with a voice call with the UEcan be determined, based on an analysis of the measurement report(s).Moreover, at 706, it can be determined whether a UE is in a vulnerablestate. In an example embodiment, a vulnerable state can include ascenario wherein the UE has a high probability of dropping the voicecall, if a simultaneous data communication (via a data channel)or anadditional data communication (via a data channel) is performed. Inother words, a UE can be in the vulnerable state, if predicted orinferred that the voice call will be dropped after initiation of asimultaneous data bearer. The term “after” as used herein refers to arelative point in time, however small or long the delay period inbetween. If determined that the UE is not in a vulnerable state, at 708,a flag associated with the UE can be reset. Else, at 710, it can bedetermined whether the voice call has been terminated. If the voice callis not terminated, the flag can be set. Alternatively, if the voice callhas been terminated, the flag can be reset. It can be appreciated thatother designations beyond flags can be used to indicate vulnerablestates or non-vulnerable states, according to an example embodiment.Likewise, there may be more than one vulnerable state, for example, suchas a high, medium, and/or low-vulnerable state. Accordingly, in otherembodiments, the appropriate flags, probabilities, or other designationsmay be used to indicate multiple vulnerable (or non-vulnerable) states.Many variations are possible without departing from example embodimentsof the subject disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example methodology 800 for dynamicallycontrolling requests or notifications sent to a UE, during a voice callin accordance with an aspect of the subject specification. Methodology800 facilitates management of mRAB sessions with simultaneous voice anddata to improve the quality of voice call and avoid or prevent droppedcalls, which in turn can improve perceived end user experience.Methodology 800 can be implemented in 3GPP networks, such as, but notlimited to UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, as well as non-3GPP and legacynetworks.

At 802, a data request associated with a UE can be received. Further, at804, it can be determined whether the request is user-initiated. In oneexample, user-initiated data requests are still allowed to be deliveredto the UE. Moreover, voluntary effort by customers to manually resetnotifications, updates, pushes, etc. can be supported along with otherbenefits such as battery life and improved performance. Accordingly, ifthe data request is user-initiated, at 806, the data request can beforwarded/delivered to the UE.

Alternatively, if the data request is not user-initiated (e.g.,network-initiated), at 808, it can be determined whether the UE isperforming a CS voice call. If not, the methodology 800 can proceed to806 and the request can be forwarded/delivered to the UE. If determinedthat the UE is performing a voice call, the state of the UE is detected.Moreover, at 810, it can be identified whether the UE is flagged asbeing in a vulnerable state. In one example, a UE state can becontinuously monitored (e.g., based on surrounding radio conditions) andthe UE can be dynamically moved in and out of a “vulnerability” state.Moreover, the “vulnerability” state is based on a probability ofdropping the voice call on establishment of an mRAB session. If the UEis not flagged as being in a vulnerable state, an mRAB session can beallowed, and at 806, the request can be forwarded/delivered to the UE.In contrast, if the UE is flagged as being in a vulnerable state, at812, the request can be cached. Moreover, the cached request can bedelivered to the UE only when the UE has terminated the voice call orthe UE is no longer in a vulnerable state. In other words, as the radiopropagation and interference environment changes rapidly, a request iscached only temporarily, and can be reinstated, as soon as the UE is inbetter radio conditions. It can be appreciated that flagging the UE isone non-limiting example of indicating a vulnerability state for the UE.Additionally or alternatively, most any other form of indication can beutilized. For example, a probability of a UE being vulnerable can bedynamically computed and compared to a corresponding threshold.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is illustrated a block diagram of a UE900 that reduces RNC load, based on UI in accordance with theinnovation. The UE 900 can include a processor 902 for controlling allonboard operations and processes. A memory 904 can interface to theprocessor 902 for storage of data and one or more applications 906 beingexecuted by the processor 902. A communications component 908 caninterface to the processor 902 to facilitate wired/wirelesscommunication with external systems (e.g., femtocell and macro cell).The communications component 908 interfaces to a location component 909(e.g., GPS transceiver) that can facilitate location detection of the UE900. Note that the location component 909 can also be included as partof the communications component 908.

The UE 900 can include a display 910 for displaying content downloadedand/or for displaying text information related to operating and usingthe device features. A serial I/O interface 912 is provided incommunication with the processor 902 to facilitate serial communication(e.g., USB, and/or IEEE 1394) via a hardwire connection. Audiocapabilities are provided with an audio I/O component 914, which caninclude a speaker for the output of audio signals related to, forexample, recorded data or telephony voice data, and a microphone forinputting voice signals for recording and/or telephone conversations. Inaddition, sensor(s) 930 can be included to detect usage activity of theUE 900 and/or to detect position, motion and/or orientation of the UE900.

The UE 900 can include a slot interface 916 for accommodating asubscriber identity module (SIM) 918. Firmware 920 is also provided tostore and provide to the processor 902 startup and operational data. TheUE 900 can also include an image capture component 922 such as a cameraand/or a video decoder 924 for decoding encoded multimedia content. TheUE 900 can also include a power source 926 in the form of batteries,which interfaces to an external power system or charging equipment via apower I/O component 928. In addition, the UE 900 can be substantiallysimilar to and include functionality associated with UE 102 describedherein. Moreover, UE 900 can include a monitoring component 202 and anotification component 204, which can include respective functionality,as more fully described herein, for example, with regard to systems100-400.

Now turning to FIG. 10, such figure depicts an example GSM/GPRS/IPmultimedia network architecture 1000 that can employ the disclosedcommunication architecture. In particular, the GSM/GPRS/IP multimedianetwork architecture 1000 includes a GSM core network 1001, a GPRSnetwork 1030 and an IP multimedia network 1038. The GSM core network1001 includes a Mobile Station (MS) 1002, at least one Base TransceiverStation (BTS) 1004 and a Base Station Controller (BSC) 1006. The MS 1002is physical equipment or Mobile Equipment (ME), such as a mobile phoneor a laptop computer that is used by mobile subscribers, with aSubscriber identity Module (SIM). The SIM includes an InternationalMobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), which is a unique identifier of asubscriber. The MS 1002 includes an embedded client 1002 a that receivesand processes messages received by the MS 1002. The embedded client 1002a can be implemented in JAVA or another programming language and isdiscuss more fully below. It can be appreciated that MS 1002 can besubstantially similar to UE 102 and 900, and can include functionalitydescribed with respect to UE 102 in systems 100-400 and 900.

The embedded client 1002 a communicates with an application 1002 b(e.g., application(s) 202) that provides services and/or information toan end user. Additionally or alternately, the MS 1002 and a device 1002c can be enabled to communicate via a short-range wireless communicationlink, such as BLUETOOTH®. As one of ordinary skill in the art wouldrecognize, there can be an endless number of devices 1002 c that use theSIM within the MS 1002 to provide services, information, data, audio,video, etc. to end users.

The BTS 1004 is physical equipment, such as a radio tower, that enablesa radio interface to communicate with the MS 1002. Each BTS can servemore than one MS. The BSC 1006 manages radio resources, including theBTS. The BSC 1006 can be connected to several BTSs. Moreover, the BSC1006 can be substantially similar to RNC 106 disclosed herein and caninclude functionality described herein with respect to RNC 106. The BSCand BTS components, in combination, are generally referred to as a basestation (BSS) or radio access network (RAN) 1003.

The GSM core network 1001 also includes a Mobile Switching Center (MSC)1008, a Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) 1010, a Home LocationRegister (HLR) 1012, Visitor Location Register (VLR) 1014, anAuthentication Center (AuC) 1016, and an Equipment Identity Register(EIR) 1018. The MSC 1008 performs a switching function for the network.The MSC also performs other functions, such as registration,authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing. The GMSC1010 provides a gateway between the GSM network and other networks, suchas an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or Public SwitchedTelephone Networks (PSTNs) 1020. In other words, the GMSC 1010 providesinterworking functionality with external networks.

The HLR 1012 is a database or component(s) that comprises administrativeinformation regarding each subscriber registered in a corresponding GSMnetwork. The HLR 1012 also includes the current location of each MS. TheVLR 1014 is a database or component(s) that contains selectedadministrative information from the HLR 1012. The VLR containsinformation necessary for call control and provision of subscribedservices for each MS currently located in a geographical area controlledby the VLR. The HLR 1012 and the VLR 1014, together with the MSC 1008,provide the call routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The AuC 1016provides the parameters needed for authentication and encryptionfunctions. Such parameters allow verification of a subscriber'sidentity. The EIR 1018 stores security-sensitive information about themobile equipment.

A Short Message Service Center (SMSC) 1009 allows one-to-one ShortMessage Service (SMS) messages to be sent to/from the MS 1002. A PushProxy Gateway (PPG) 1011 is used to “push” (e.g., send without asynchronous request) content to the MS 1002. The PPG 1011 acts as aproxy between wired and wireless networks to facilitate pushing of datato the MS 1002. A Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP) protocol router 1013is provided to convert SMS-based SMPP messages to cell broadcastmessages. SMPP is a protocol for exchanging SMS messages between SMSpeer entities such as short message service centers. It is often used toallow third parties, e.g., content suppliers such as news organizations,to submit bulk messages.

To gain access to GSM services, such as speech, data, and short messageservice (SMS), the MS first registers with the network to indicate itscurrent location by performing a location update and IMSI attachprocedure. The MS 1002 sends a location update including its currentlocation information to the MSC/VLR, via the BTS 1004 and the BSC 1006.The location information is then sent to the MS's HLR. The HLR isupdated with the location information received from the MSC/VLR. Thelocation update also is performed when the MS moves to a new locationarea. In one aspect, the location update is periodically performed toupdate the database as location-updating events occur.

The GPRS network 1030 is logically implemented on the GSM core networkarchitecture by introducing two packet-switching network nodes, aserving GPRS support node (SGSN) 1032, a cell broadcast and a GatewayGPRS support node (GGSN) 1034. The SGSN 1032 is at the same hierarchicallevel as the MSC 1008 in the GSM network. The SGSN controls theconnection between the GPRS network and the MS 1002. The SGSN also keepstrack of individual MS's locations, security functions, and accesscontrols.

A Cell Broadcast Center (CBC) 1033 communicates cell broadcast messagesthat are typically delivered to multiple users in a specified area. CellBroadcast is one-to-many geographically focused service. It enablesmessages to be communicated to multiple mobile phone customers who arelocated within a given part of its network coverage area at the time themessage is broadcast.

The GGSN 1034 provides a gateway between the GPRS network and a publicpacket network (PDN) or other IP networks 1036. That is, the GGSNprovides interworking functionality with external networks, and sets upa logical link to the MS through the SGSN. When packet-switched dataleaves the GPRS network, it is transferred to an external TCP-IP network1036, such as an X.25 network or the Internet. In order to access GPRSservices, the MS first attaches itself to the GPRS network by performingan attach procedure. The MS then activates a packet data protocol (PDP)context, thus activating a packet communication session between the MS,the SGSN, and the GGSN. In a GSM/GPRS network, GPRS services and GSMservices can be used in parallel. A GPRS network 1030 can be designed tooperate in three network operation modes (NOM1, NOM2 and NOM3). Anetwork operation mode of a GPRS network is indicated by a parameter insystem information messages transmitted within a cell. The systeminformation messages dictates a MS where to listen for paging messagesand how signal towards the network. The network operation moderepresents the capabilities of the GPRS network.

The IP multimedia network 1038 was introduced with 3GPP Release 5, andincludes an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) 1040 to provide richmultimedia services to end users. A representative set of the networkentities within the IMS 1040 are a call/session control function (CSCF),a media gateway control function (MGCF) 1046, a media gateway (MGW)1048, and a master subscriber database, called a home subscriber server(HSS) 1050. The HSS 1050 can be common to the GSM network 1001, the GPRSnetwork 1030 as well as the IP multimedia network 1038.

The IP multimedia system 1040 is built around the call/session controlfunction, of which there are three types: an interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF)1043, a proxy CSCF (P-CSCF) 1042, and a serving CSCF (S-CSCF) 1044. TheP-CSCF 1042 is the MS's first point of contact with the IMS 1040. TheP-CSCF 1042 forwards session initiation protocol (SIP) messages receivedfrom the MS to an SIP server in a home network (and vice versa) of theMS. The P-CSCF 1042 can also modify an outgoing request according to aset of rules defined by the network operator (for example, addressanalysis and potential modification).

The I-CSCF 1043 forms an entrance to a home network and hides the innertopology of the home network from other networks and providesflexibility for selecting an S-CSCF. The I-CSCF 1043 can contact asubscriber location function (SLF) 1045 to determine which HSS 1050 touse for the particular subscriber, if multiple HSS's 1050 are present.The S-CSCF 1044 performs the session control services for the MS 1002.This includes routing originating sessions to external networks androuting terminating sessions to visited networks. The S-CSCF 1044 alsodecides whether an application server (AS) 1052 is required to receiveinformation on an incoming SIP session request to ensure appropriateservice handling. This decision is based on information received fromthe HSS 1050 (or other sources, such as an application server 1052). TheAS 1052 also communicates to a location server 1056 (e.g., a GatewayMobile Location Center (GMLC)) that provides a position (e.g.,latitude/longitude coordinates) of the MS 1002. The mobility managemententity (MME) 1058 provides authentication of a user by interacting withthe HSS 1050 in LTE networks.

The HSS 1050 contains a subscriber profile and keeps track of which corenetwork node is currently handling the subscriber. It also supportssubscriber authentication and authorization functions (AAA). In networkswith more than one HSS 1050, a subscriber location function providesinformation on the HSS 1050 that contains the profile of a givensubscriber.

The MGCF 1046 provides interworking functionality between SIP sessioncontrol signaling from the IMS 1040 and ISUP/BICC call control signalingfrom the external GSTN networks (not shown). It also controls the mediagateway (MGW) 1048 that provides user-plane interworking functionality(e.g., converting between AMR- and PCM-coded voice). The MGW 1048 alsocommunicates with a PSTN network 1054 for TDM trunks. In addition, theMGCF 1046 communicates with the PSTN network 1054 for SS7 links.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a block diagram of acomputer operable to execute the disclosed communication architecture.In order to provide additional context for various aspects of thesubject specification, FIG. 11 and the following discussion are intendedto provide a brief, general description of a suitable computingenvironment 1100 in which the various aspects of the specification canbe implemented. While the specification has been described above in thegeneral context of computer-executable instructions that can run on oneor more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that thespecification also can be implemented in combination with other programmodules and/or as a combination of hardware and software.

Program modules can include routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

The illustrated aspects of the specification can also be practiced indistributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed byremote processing devices that are linked through a communicationsnetwork. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can belocated in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices can include a variety of media, which can includecomputer-readable storage media and/or communications media, which twoterms are used herein differently from one another as follows.Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structureddata, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can include,but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memorytechnology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitorymedia which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readablestorage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computingdevices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrievalprotocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the informationstored by the medium.

Communications media can embody computer-readable instructions, datastructures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data ina data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave orother transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery ortransport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way ofexample, and not limitation, communication media include wired media,such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless mediasuch as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

With reference again to FIG. 11, the example environment 1100 forimplementing various aspects of the specification includes a computer1102, the computer 1102 including a processing unit 1104, a systemmemory 1106 and a system bus 1108. The system bus 1108 couples systemcomponents including, but not limited to, the system memory 1106 to theprocessing unit 1104. The processing unit 1104 can be any of variouscommercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and othermulti-processor architectures can also be employed as the processingunit 1104.

The system bus 1108 can be any of several types of bus structure thatcan further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1106includes read-only memory (ROM) 1110 and random access memory (RAM)1112. A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatilememory 1110 such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basicroutines that help to transfer information between elements within thecomputer 1102, such as during startup. The RAM 1112 can also include ahigh-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 1102 further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)1114 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1114 can also beconfigured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), amagnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 1116, (e.g., to read from or write to aremovable diskette 1118) and an optical disk drive 1120, (e.g., readinga CD-ROM disk 1122 or, to read from or write to other high capacityoptical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive 1114, magnetic diskdrive 1116 and optical disk drive 1120 can be connected to the systembus 1108 by a hard disk drive interface 1124, a magnetic disk driveinterface 1126 and an optical drive interface 1128, respectively. Theinterface 1124 for external drive implementations includes at least oneor both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 interfacetechnologies. Other external drive connection technologies are withincontemplation of the subject specification.

The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 1102, the drives andstorage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digitalformat. Although the description of computer-readable storage mediaabove refers to a HDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removableoptical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that other types of storage media which are readableby a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memorycards, cartridges, and the like, can also be used in the exampleoperating environment, and further, that any such storage media cancontain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods ofthe specification.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1112,including an operating system 1130, one or more application programs1132, other program modules 1134 and program data 1136. All or portionsof the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also becached in the RAM 1112. It is appreciated that the specification can beimplemented with various commercially available operating systems orcombinations of operating systems.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1102 throughone or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 1138 and apointing device, such as a mouse 1140. Other input devices (not shown)can include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad,a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devicesare often connected to the processing unit 1104 through an input deviceinterface 1142 that is coupled to the system bus 1108, but can beconnected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 1144 or other type of display device is also connected to thesystem bus 1108 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1146. Inaddition to the monitor 1144, a computer can include other peripheraloutput devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 1102 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1148. The remotecomputer(s) 1148 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentappliance, a peer device or other common network node, and can includemany or all of the elements described relative to the computer 1102,although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 1150 isillustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wirelessconnectivity to a local area network (LAN) 1152 and/or larger networks,e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 1154. Such LAN and WAN networkingenvironments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitateenterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which canconnect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1102 isconnected to the local network 1152 through a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network interface or adapter 1156. The adapter 1156 canfacilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 1152, which canalso include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicatingwith the wireless adapter 1156.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1102 can includea modem 1158, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN1154, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN1154, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1158, which can beinternal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to thesystem bus 1108 via the serial port interface 1142. In a networkedenvironment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 1102, orportions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device1150. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown areexample and other means of establishing a communications link betweenthe computers can be used.

The computer 1102 is operable to communicate with any wireless devicesor entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., aprinter, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable dataassistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or locationassociated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand,restroom), and telephone. In an example embodiment, wirelesscommunications can be facilitated, for example, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth™,Zigbee, and other 802.XX wireless technologies. Thus, the communicationcan be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simplyan ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from acouch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work,without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in acell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send andreceive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a basestation. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b,g, n etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. AWi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to theInternet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet).Wi-Fi networks can operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands,at an 11 Mbps (802.11a), 54 Mbps (802.11b), or 150 Mbps (802.11n) datarate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band),so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to wiredEthernet networks used in many homes and offices.

As it employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” canrefer to substantially any computing processing unit or devicecomprising, but not limited to comprising, single-core processors;single-processors with software multithread execution capability;multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithreadexecution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithreadtechnology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributedshared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integratedcircuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digitalsignal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), aprogrammable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device(CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale architectures suchas, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors,switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhanceperformance of user equipment. A processor may also be implemented as acombination of computing processing units.

As used in this application, the terms “component,” (e.g., 110, 202,204, 304, etc.), “module,” (e.g., 918, 1134, etc.), “system,” (e.g.,100-400, 1140, 1130, etc.), “interface,” (e.g., 912, 1124, 1126, 1128,1142, etc.), or the like are generally intended to refer to acomputer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution or an entity related to anoperational machine with one or more specific functionalities. Forexample, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a processrunning on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a threadof execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, bothan application running on a controller and the controller can be acomponent. One or more components may reside within a process and/orthread of execution and a component may be localized on one computerand/or distributed between two or more computers. As another example, aninterface can include I/O components as well as associated processor,application, and/or API components.

In the subject specification, terms such as “data store,” data storage,”“database,” “cache,” and substantially any other information storagecomponent relevant to operation and functionality of a component, referto “memory components,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or componentscomprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memorycomponents, or computer-readable storage media, described herein can beeither volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include bothvolatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and notlimitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM),programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory caninclude random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory.By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in manyforms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronousDRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM(ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methodsherein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising,these and any other suitable types of memory.

What has been described above includes examples of the presentspecification. It is, of course, not possible to describe everyconceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes ofdescribing the present specification, but one of ordinary skill in theart may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of thepresent specification are possible. Accordingly, the presentspecification is intended to embrace all such alterations, modificationsand variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appendedclaims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used ineither the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended tobe inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as“comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in aclaim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: a processor; and a memorythat stores executable instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: in responseto determining that probability data, indicative of a probability that avoice session on a mobile device will end in response to initiation of adata session on the mobile device, satisfies a first probabilitycriterion, delaying the initiation of the data session on the mobiledevice based on display data indicative of a status of a display of themobile device; and in response to determining that the probability datasatisfies a second probability criterion, delivering data associatedwith the data session to the mobile device.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein the delaying comprises prohibiting the initiation of the datasession on the mobile device in response to determining that theprobability data satisfies the first probability criterion.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: determiningthe probability data based on sensor data associated with the mobiledevice.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the determining that theprobability data satisfies the first probability criterion comprisesdetermining that the probability data satisfies a criterion associatedwith the sensor data.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: sending, to a device, report data indicative of aradio condition determined based on the probability data.
 6. The systemof claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: determining theprobability data based on report data indicative of a radio conditionmeasured by the mobile device during the voice session.
 7. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: in response to thedetermining that the probability data satisfies the first probabilitycriterion, generating status data indicative of a status of the mobiledevice.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the operations furthercomprise: storing the status data in a data store; and in response todetermining a change in the status data, updating the status data storedin the data store.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: receiving a data request associated with the datasession from a network device in communication with the mobile device.10. A method, comprising: determining, by a device comprising aprocessor, probability data indicative of a probability that a voicecall associated with a user equipment is going to end in response toreceiving a data request; in response to determining that theprobability data satisfies a first defined criterion, delaying, by thedevice, transmission of the data request to the user equipment based ondisplay data indicative of a status of a screen associated with the userequipment; and in response to determining that the probability datasatisfies a second defined criterion, transmitting, by the device, thedata request to the user equipment.
 11. The method of claim 10, whereinthe determining the probability data comprises determining theprobability data based on sensor data associated with the userequipment.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the delaying comprisesdelaying transmission of the data request to the user equipment based onsensor data associated with the user equipment.
 13. The method of claim10, wherein the delaying comprises delaying transmission of the datarequest to the user equipment based on measurement data associated witha radio environment of the user equipment.
 14. The method of claim 10,wherein the delaying comprises delaying the transmission of the datarequest to the user equipment until the probability data satisfies thesecond defined criterion.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein thedelaying comprises caching data associated with the data request untilthe probability data satisfies the second defined criterion.
 16. Amachine-readable storage medium comprising executable instructions that,when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations,comprising: in response to determining that probability data, indicativeof a probability that a voice call associated with a mobile device willend in response to receiving a data request, satisfies a first definedcriterion, delaying transmission of the data request to the mobiledevice based on display data indicative of a status of a displayassociated with the mobile device; and in response to determining thatthe probability data satisfies a second defined criterion, transmittingthe data request to the mobile device.
 17. The machine-readable storagemedium of claim 16, further comprising obtaining the data request forthe mobile device and storing the data request in a data store.
 18. Themachine-readable storage medium of claim 16, further comprising cachingdata associated with the data request until the probability datasatisfies the second defined criterion.
 19. The machine-readable storagemedium of claim 16, further comprising determining the probability databased on analysis of sensor data associated with the mobile device. 20.The machine-readable storage medium of claim 16, further comprisingdetermining the probability data based on analysis of power dataindicative of transmission power associated the mobile device.